Chapters 1-3: 1. Setting: The woods are significant to Huckleberry Finn because of his past. Huck's father was a drunk, and would constantly take his anger out on Huck. Huck would escape to the woods to stay away from his father when things got bad. The woods are also on the outskirts of the old widow's property, making them an easy shortcut for Huck to take with Tom Sawyer to go to their robbers meetings.
2. Characterization: The first hint that the reader gets that Huck is a "mischievous rascal" is the backstory between Huck and Tom. Huck is described as having no family, but once he possesses money someone takes him in. He and Tom also are in a "robbers gang" where they will steal and kill. Twain directly writes of Huck's troublemaking when Huck leaves his house in the middle of the night, "I put out the light and scrambled out of the window on to the shed. Then I slipped down to the ground and crawled in among the trees, and, sure enough, there was Tom Sawyer waiting for me." Twain indirectly marks Huck as a troublemaker for wishing he could go to the "bad place" or hell, and also for being best friends with someone like Tom Sawyer.
3. Narrator and POV: The insight the reader gets from this first person perspective is the inner workings inside the characters head, although it is limited to just the one character. Huck begins the story by referencing the author, Twain, in a previous work, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This adds humor because Huck talks as if everything is real and that someone wrote a book based on his best friends life. It hints that Huck wants to tell his story now that someone has written about his friend. "That book was made by Mr. Mark Twain, and he told the truth, mainly." This suggests that Twain will repeat this style while writing this novel, telling the truth, mainly. Because the reader reads everything from the POV of Huck, we get a watered down version or a heightened version of what happened. If Huck did something bad, it doesn't seem to be a big deal. But if something bad happens to Huck or his friends, it seems like a terrible thing.
4. Syntax: Although Huck is summarizing an oath written by Tom Sawyer, this passage is all in his words. Certain things seem exaggerated, like killing and branding. The passage, although punctuated, seems to run together like one big massive sentence. This is done to emphasize the seriousness of the original pledge. Huck seems to take everything very seriously, and maybe even think that some of these ideals are overkill. The repetitive "and" makes the actions seem to pile up and never end.
Chapters 4-7: 1. Motivation: The reason that Huck gives his money to Judge Thatcher is related to the reason that Pap returns after many years of neglecting Huck. Huck fears his father is back, and he knows Pap will want his money, so he gets rid of it hoping that Pap will either stay away or leave once he finds out. Pap returns to fight for custody anyway, hoping that he can still get some connection to the missing money. The money is the main reason Pap returns, but also he might want to feel some sort of control over something in his life. Beating and neglecting Huck gave him a sense of power in a world where alcohol ruled his life. Huck's motivation for planning his escape from the cabin is to get away from Pap before he does something drastic and reverts back to his old ways. Huck moves as he does to survive.
2. Motif: Huck sees the footprints in the ground and believes they are a match to Pap's old boots. Huck had tipped over the saltshaker at breakfast, and was stopped when he tried to prevent bad luck from happening. Seeing these footprints in the snow, Huck believed, was his punishment for not undoing his bad luck. As soon as Huck sees the footprints he rushes to give Judge Thatcher the money, believing that maybe that could soften the blow of bad luck AND that in case it was Pap there wouldn't be any money for him to take. Some other superstitions that Huck and Jim believe are: killing a spider is bad luck, a fortune telling hair-ball, turning in your tracks 3 times to prevent bad luck, tying up a piece of hair to keep witches away, and many others throughout later chapters in the book.
3. Foreshadowing: In chapter four, Huck crosses a superstition (the one about the saltshaker) and is unable to prevent bad luck. He sees Pap's boot print in the ground and goes to Jim to tell his fortune with a hair-ball. Jim tells Huck that his father doesn't know what he's going to do, but Huck should just let him do what he wants. In chapter 6, Huck ends up with Pap in a cabin planning his escape. Huck listened to the advice that Jim gave him and went along with Pap to remain mostly unscathed.
4. Theme: Twain questions morality by elaborating on how slaves are treated by their masters by putting a non-slave character in the shoes of a slave. Examples of escape and restraint are also used to mimic the hardships that slaves went though. Characters also talk about slaves as if they are only property and have no human qualities (Pap).
5. Suspense: Chapter 7 is Hucks escape from the cabin and from Pap. The reader hears Huck's thoughts while he plans his escape, and along with Huck the reader waits for the perfect moment for Huck to leave. While Huck is in the process of escaping, faking his own death, and setting his supplies, Twain adds in snippets of senses. By this, I mean that Twain adds noises and feelings to the situation, as well as creating mystery over what Huck is doing. The reader has no idea what Huck's plans are with the pig until he pulls out his hair. Twain continues to build suspense by adding other men to the scene as well as Huck's fear of Pap finding him.
6. Imagery: Towards the end of chapter 7, Huck's paragraphs and thoughts get longer, more drawn out. Huck analyzes everything and pays attention to everything. The surroundings of Huck are described to immense detail, "The sky looks ever so deep when you lay down on your back in the moonshine..." (pg. 35) Huck describes his route on the river to avoid other people, as well as the physical surroundings. The faking of Huck's death is the lengthening of a short account, "Well, last I pulled out some of my hair, and blooded the ax good, and stuck it on the back side, ans slung the ax in the corner." (pg. 33)
Chapters 8-11: 1. Situational Irony: The ironic aspect in the situation of Huck's "rescue" from death, not Pap, illustrates the ridiculousness of the times. Family is a value held high, as the Judge in the court believed, that people figured that Huck would become what he was when he was with Pap. When he was assumed dead, thats when people began to worry. The irony is that Huck was in more danger being around Pap and no one came to try and rescue him. People only came to his rescue after it was believed to be too late. Twain includes specific dollar amounts when discussing the rewards for both Jim and Pap to illustrate the ridiculous of the law. The irony behind a murderer's reward and an escape slaved reward shows the ridiculous nature of the south in this time. It was considered that anything a slave did warranted a greater punishment than anything a white man could ever do.
2. Figurative Language: The figurative language used in chapter 9 is vast. One prevalent example of figurative language is personification. Huck gives human like feelings and qualities to objects and situations, "rained like all fury...", "branches...tossing their arms as if they was just wild...", and "dark as sin..." are only a few. Another figurative language device used is comparison. Huck say that trees look like spider webs from a distance, and also that the thunder travels to the under side of the world, and sounds like empty barrels falling down stairs. These descriptive devices add character to the writing and draw the reader in.
3. Theme: Huck's intent with playing a joke on Jim was to just have some fun. Unfortunately, the mate of this dead rattle snake placed in Jim's bed comes and bites Jim. Huck feels that this is punishment for talking about the dead and touching a snake skin. This chapter shows Huck's growing character, he now feels guilty for hurting Jim and putting him in harms way. Huck decides to get rid of the snakes himself and rid the evidence of his wrongdoing. Huck's character is developed because we see how he sees people by their own character and worth, not only by the color of their skin. Twain develops the idea of camaraderie and sticking together through all hard times as shown evident in chapter 11, "They're After Us!" This chapter name shows that Huck believes that no matter what happens he and Jim must stick together because they're in the same boat. Huck doesn't turn Jim in to anyone because he doesn't feel its necessary to betray him.
4. Satire: Huck believes that it was only the will of the widow or the parson praying that could've brought the bread to him from the ferry boat. Its ironic that these people sent the bread out to find Huck's dead body, but it actually was brought to his live one. It tries to exemplify how even though God does answer people's prayers, it may not be in the way that is expected.
5. Motif: Jim believes that young birds flying a yard or two at a time is the same as when chickens do it and is a sign of rain. Also, if you catch one of these birds, you most certainly will die. Shortly after this is mentioned, it begins to rain. Jim also believes that it is the "worst bad luck" to touch a snake skin, Huck had touched one and later on bad luck struck--a snake bite to Jim at Huck's hand. There is plausible reasoning and evidence for Jim to believe in these superstitions. Many of these superstitions have to deal with messing with the natural order of things and nature in general. The caves and caverns in the story so far have presented multiple opportunities for these superstitions to be tested and validated.
6. Foil: Jim assumes more of a fatherly role to Huck in these later chapters. When Jim and Huck first meet up, Huck takes care of Jim. Jim then proceeds to tell Huck many superstitions he holds, as well as build a home for them and help take care of supplies instead of making Huck do it all. Also when Huck and Jim go to a deserted house on the island and find a dead man, Jim tells Huck not to look--he protects him. Pap on the other hand makes Huck do everything and reaps all of the benefits. Pap would never try to protect Huck from seeing things he shouldn't see, and he most certainly wouldn't build a home or try and help Huck out.
Chapters 12-16: 1. Symbol: To Huck and Jim, the Mississippi River symbolizes their journey they're taking to get to the lives they desire. It represents hope for a better life, as well as freedom and possibility. When the fog comes to the river, it symbolizes the uncertainty that this journey presents. Huck and Jim separate for a bit, showing that although they are in this together they have completely different desires for the future. The River and the fog are connected even in symbolism. Both of them represent the precarious nature of their journey and the unexpected twists or features that might be thrown towards the boys.
2. Conflict: Huck begins to feel guilty for not turning Jim into someone. He struggles with the fact that the Widow Douglas was nothing but nice and kind towards him and now he is helping her slave escape. Huck wrestles with himself on whether or not to turn Jim in to someone. This internal conflict shows how much the southern society influenced peoples thoughts-Huck believed that it was worse to let Jim go free than to let him get captured, resold, and let his family stay sold and separated. Huck ultimately decides to turn Jim in, but when confronted with the situation of actually telling someone he backs down. He justifies this by saying that by doing the "right thing" he wouldn't feel any better because he would turn Jim in, and by doing the "wrong thing" and letting Jim go free he also wouldn't feel any better. Huck decides that doing whatever takes the least amount of work is best, because either way he will feel bad about his choice.
3. Figurative Language: The hyperbole used in the first paragraph of chapter 13 is, "So we went a-quaking and shaking down the stabboard side, and slow work it was, too--seemed a week before we got to the stern." Twain includes this hyperbole to emphasize the direness of the situation as well as to give more detail as to how Huck and Jim had to move in order to get to the starboard side. If some simple task was taking them a long time, they would've had to be going slowly and with a lot of care so as to not fall off of the ship. This hyperbole also adds to the boyish nature of Huck--over exaggeration is something common with the personality of a picaro/troublemaker. In the last line of chapter 13 a simile is used, "and turned in and slept like dead people." This simile is used to illustrate the amount of work that Huck had to do in order to try and save the men. This also helps to show the exhaustion that Huck and Jim have accumulated throughout their journey and stressful situations.
4. Characterization: Throughout these chapters, Huck grows as a character. He matures, but also holds his "boyish wit." When Huck meets the men in the row boat, he makes up a story about Pap and Mam and Mary Ann and small pox. He leads the men away from Jim and doesn't tell anyone about him. When Huck travels into town and meets a lady, he dresses as a girl to try and remain undercover. When his cover is blown, he still makes up a story about who he is instead of telling the truth. At the end of chapter 15, Huck apologizes to Jim after playing a trick on him that the fog never came and they were never separated. Huck feels ashamed for playing this trick and vows to never trick Jim again. The apology was also genuine, and Huck doesn't regret it even though it took him a long time to work up the courage to apologize. It is at this point in the book that Jim and Huck truly are friends and are equals in each others minds. Huck is able to apologize to Jim and Jim is able to put Huck in his place and not tip toe around him. From here on out, the tone of the book when it comes to Huck and Jim's relationship is more friendly.
Chapters 17-18: 1. Satire: The largest element of satire in these chapters is irony when it comes to the feuding families. These families are feuding over something that happened over 30 years in the past, no one knows who started it or what the feud is, and these people continuously kill each other for no reason other than to get the upper hand. It is also ironic that Col. Grangerford is a gentleman but he kills many of the Shepherdsons. There is also a correlation between these families and the families of Romeo and Juliet. Miss Sophia runs away with a Shepherson and many of their family members die trying to stop them. Twains intention with the feuding families and the poetic Emmeline show the stupidity and barbaric nature of even aristocrats who are said to be the more privileged as well as well-behaved members of society. This is a satiric example of reversal.
2. Foil: Buck Grangerford is a foil to Huck Finn because they are the same age, have completely different backstories, and opposite personalities Buck carries around a gun, is very close to his family, and is generally slower with wit and intelligence. Huck, as we know, is very anti-violence, has no family, and is very quick witted. The contrast of these characters creates a short friendship that sticks with Huck even after Buck dies as is evident when Huck finds Buck's body.
3. Frame Story: As stated above, the parallel between Romeo and Juliet and Sophia Grangerford and Harney Shepherdson. Their families have a tremendous feud that has lasted so long that no one knows what started it or why it exists. Many people also die trying to prevent them from being together.
4. Situational Irony: When the Grangerford's and the Shepherdson's attend church the sermon delivered is about brotherly love. On the walk home, the Grangerford's discuss how the sermon was really good, and how people should live their faith and do good works. This is extremely ironic because these two families, when it comes to each other and their feud, do not believe in brotherly love, sparing lives, or doing good works. Huck even expresses his confusion and fatigue with the complexity of the issue.
5. Narrator and POV: First person usually means that the narrator is implied to be the main character. This pushes all other possibly further developed characters down on the importance list. The reader focuses a lot on Huck and his actions, as well as the actual storyline and events that take place. In some stories, the character development can actually take away from the plot. This story is so complex and is so rich with irony that the focus cannot be on the characters as much as the story.
Chapters 19-23: 1. Imagery: In the beginning of chapter 9, personification is used in terms of imagery along with many other forms. The days were said to have "swum" by because of their character. This is used to create the illusion that the days are gliding along together, blending. Huck and Jim were enjoying their time on the run despite the circumstances. The descriptions of the water as a whole, as well as the land and trees surrounding, allows the reader to be present in the scene. The scene is clearly depicted, the senses are roused to the sights and the touch of the land. There was no sound, appealing to the hearing sense. Of course, the scenery itself applies to the gift of sight.
2. Characterization: The Duke and the King are liars by default. They wish to be given special treatment, so they lie and try to outdo each other with outlandish tales of their family history and journeys. The Duke and the King are very battered, somewhat old, and honestly have no worth to them at all. This makes the fact that they're reading Shakespeare and acting entitled entirely satirical. When the duke and the king pull their first con at a religious ceremony it suggests that their true characters might not be just. They have an evil element about them. Even though Huck isn't largely religious he picks up on this notion. The people of Arkansas are most unsavory. When Sherburn shoots old Boggs, it shows the cold-bloodedness and craze of some of these people. The townspeople then organize a mob to go and get Sherburn, but are stopped when he pulls a gun on them as well. This town clearly is itching for something interesting, even when its bad. Many of the characters talk big but shut down in the face of actual danger-they're very fake. The duke and the king overprice their show, trying to convey the idea that the more money it costs the better it will be. Because of the attitude the town holds, the people who previously watched the show do not warn the others that it is a waste of their money. They want others to waste it.
3. Motif: After the duke and the king arrive, the weather takes a bad turn. The wind is terribly strong, making white caps on the river, and the rain is so thick that the other islands are a blur behind it. The trees blow over in the wind, the thunder comes, and the waves wash up to the wigwam built for the boys. However, the duke and the king have taken up room in the wigwam so Jim and Huck have to sleep outside in the cold. This puts a more negative mood towards the king and duke, which Huck continues to have, as well as the conflict dealing with the play and the other characters to come.
4. Theme: Jim talks to Huck at the end of Chapter 23 about his separated family and how he had acted before they were separated. Jim feels remorse for his actions and expresses great care and forlorn emotion. Huck realises that black people care just as much about their family and loved ones as white people do. The theme addressed is about humanity. People are all people, they act human and have the same feelings, emotions, and thoughts; nothing depends solely on race. Also, Twain touches on the unjust nature of slavery: What slavery is doing to this family is wretched.
5. Pathos: The reader experiences Pathos where Jim is concerned all the way through Chapter 23. Huck is unsure if Jim even realises that these two men they are traveling with aren't actually a king and a duke. The reader feels pitiful of Jim for his naive nature. Also, when Jim talks about his family, the story of how he found out his daughter is deaf, the reader feels sympathy and even sadness for Jim. Jim feels regretful that he wasn't more loving and understanding towards his daughter, and the reader feels terrible that Jim can't see his daughter to give him the comfort he needs.
Chapters 24-30: 1. Suspense: Suspense is created in Chapter 24 when the men tie Jim up and pretend they've captured an runaway slave. If the men are caught and can't get anyone to believe their story or someone recognizes Huck or Jim then the men can all be taken in for treason. When Huck, the Duke, and the King are attending the wake of Peter Wilks and Doctor Robinson tries to uncover their fraud the reader is unsure if anyone will believe him. One last example of suspense is when Huck is stealing and hiding the money from the Wilks girls. Huck almost gets caught by the Duke and the King, and then the reader is constantly afraid of Huck being found with the money before he hides it. Huck is in a small amount of danger in all of these situations, each has a consequence. I personally never feel anxious about the Duke and the King because they aren't likeable characters. They are interesting to have but they are evil, lying, and con-men. If they were caught, not Huck or Jim, the reader would almost be happy.
2. Foreshadowing: When the king inquires about the deceased Mr. Wilks to a deck boy, his attention is at first only moderate. As soon as the king begins to ask questions however, it foreshadows the next con that happens in the story with the king and duke acting as Mr. Wilks' brothers in order to get his money. The king continues to ask questions of the deck boy in order to be able to impersonate Wilks' brother.
3. Dramatic Irony: Huck knows that the king and the duke only have come to impersonate Mr. Wilks' brothers in order to get the money that was left behind. After the king and the duke have acquired the money, Huck realizes what a terrible thing they had done to a few innocent girls. He decides then, in order to prevent the stealing of the money, that he will steal the money and hide it from the king and the duke so that they will no longer have the money. This is an example of dramatic irony because the reader knows what Huck is doing but no one else in the book does.
4. Theme: When the king and the duke want the slaves of the Wilks' family to be sold, the daughters and the slaves become very upset. They were all a family. The girls had come to love their workers, and the workers were very attached to the girls. Twain questions the morality of slavery by showing that slaves are real people too, not any different because of the color of their skin but because of character. Also, whites can like and appreciate their workers as equal people.
5. Bildungsroman: Huck has never been 100% behind the duke and the king but he has followed them nonetheless. In these chapters, Huck begins to branch out from the shadows of the king and the duke. He is thinking for himself now, and thinking about what is the best for others. Huck believes it is his duty to go against the king and the duke by stealing the money for the girls to eventually receive. He tells Mary Jane that she will see her slaves again and that they will not be separated from each other in order to help her out, and in return she promises to help him escape unscathed. When the opportunity presents itself, Huck tries to escape without the king and the duke. He runs to find Jim so that they can continue their journey together for freedom.
6. Motif: "...the sky was darking up, and the lightning beginning to wink and flitter, and the wind to shiver amongst the leaves." The graveyard scene starts as any other graveyard scene would: with a dark and stormy night. Huck believes that he is in the most danger he has ever been in when the king, duke, and him are accused of impersonation. This setting sets the mood to be suspenseful, scary, and dismal. There is nothing happy about this scene from the commencement. The weather parallels Huck's feelings.
Chapters 31-33: 1. Character: The king and the duke are flat characters, they remain the same throughout the story. These two men are conmen and criminals from the first moment that Huck meets them. They are able to play any character in order to get money or personal gain. They never feel any remorse for their wrongdoings, unless something didn't work out in their favor, and all they think about is how to con the next person or group of people. They show greed, desire for money, and selfishness. Huck and Jim show compassion for others and grow and mature as the story progresses. They learn from experience and think that the king and the duke are crooks.
2. Dramatic Irony: While Huck is trying to figure out what to do with Jim, the reader knows that he will help Jim. Because of everything that they've been through, as well as how Huck has made decisions in Jim's favor lead the reader to know that Huck would never do anything bad to Jim. Huck believes that even though in the view of society helping Jim is considered wrong, he thinks its worth going to Hell for in order to free a good man. Twain wants the reader to realize what kind of a world Huck is living in, and also how much Huck has changed from the beginning of the story. That is why Twain has included so much of Huck's internal conflict. As readers, we know how much Huck has progressed throughout the story, and we know that he would feel much more guilty if he turned Jim in. Huck's belief that what he did and what he decides is wrong makes his decision even more noble. Huck is doing what he knows to be truly right even though he is surrounded by a world that tells him that its far worse to go against the social norms. Huck is very brave to face some dire consequences in order to free a man.
3. Conflict: When the King and the Duke sell Jim, it signify's how little they value people. They sell Jim for a marginal amount, $40, where as he could've been sold for $800. This shows that the king and the duke didn't think much of Jim and just took the first offer they got. Huck's moral conflict rises and subdues at this moment. As soon as Jim has been sold back into slavery he knows that it is wrong for him to be there. Huck is also internally stumped because he is unsure of what to do to get Jim back without the king or the duke finding out. Huck decides to go out and find Jim and steal him from slavery. The king and the duke get the slip from Huck, and they eventually get tarred and feathered.
4. Theme: In chapter 31, Huck is once again internally arguing with himself over what to do about Jim. He ends up writing a letter to Miss. Watson telling her where Jim is. Huck tears it up after looking at it, deciding that he'd rather do the wrong thing and "go to hell" than turn Jim in. Later, when Jim is turned in Huck feels guilty and wants to steal him back. Jim at this point is the most likable character and the reader is vying for him to be free. This is very renowned for this time period. Twain is getting the reader to question the morality of slavery as well as the true intentions of the other white characters of the book. In chapter 32, Huck as Tom talks with Aunt Sally as to why he is late. Huck makes up a story about how a blown out cylinder-head "killed a nigger." This remark made so nonchalantly by Huck is at first surprising, but he is only acting in character. Aunt Sally is relieved to find that no white person was killed. This conversation shows the white attitude that the lives of whites are more valuable than the lives of slaves.
Chapters 34-Chapter the Last 1. Irony: The irony in the statement, "We was all glad as we could be, but Tom was the gladdest of all because he had a bullet in the calf of his leg" is that Tom's over the top and unnecessary plan caused him to be shot rather than the gang getting away with nothing. The plan that Tom comes up with is honestly idiotic. Tom feels that Jim should behave like a prisoner and experience things as a prisoner would, so he is unable to leave. Tom's plan makes Jim into more of a prisoner than he was before the boys came along. The entire voyage down the river is ironic because for the majority of their journey "to freedom" Jim had been free. Jim didn't need to run to freedom because he was already free. The ironic part of the escape Huck had from Pap and Jim had from slavery is that they both go against the southern norms, as well as Tom's plan did. Even though Pap was abusive, the law had decided that the best place for Huck was with his "family". The best place for Jim was also said to be in slavery, not as a father or free man. Tom's plan is imprisoning for all three of them. No one wants to be or be treated like a prisoner, and thats exactly the purpose behind Tom's plan to help Jim escape. The voyage down the river was necessary for both characters in the beginning, and also necessary for their growth as characters. Huck and Jim both needed to run away from something. The journey allowed Huck to grow up and mature into a better person. The voyage also gave Jim a very positive experience with a white person, and Huck a very good experience with a black person.
2. Characterization: Tom is willing to help and free Jim, no questions asked. Huck, however, is surprised with Tom's willingness because he has been fighting himself on the morality of freeing Jim the entire story. He is always questioning his actions, showing uncertainty. At this point, we can either assume that Tom is a very mature person who knows whats truly right for people, or he is a trouble maker who wants to do something risky. Huck, although with the right intentions, still has some growing up to do. He is very unsure of his decisions even when he knows he is doing the right thing. Huck is very different from the beginning of the book. He collaborates with Tom, thinks more on his feet, and is still very willing to do whatever it takes to free Jim. Tom seems to give Huck more confidence in what they are doing. Nat and Jim are similar in nature. Nat believes in witches and is very superstitious, like Jim. Nat and Jim are both also gullible but Nat is more extreme and will believe that witches are behind everything. Jim thinks quicker on his feet. Nat was introduced as a foil to Jim: they are similar enough but Nat enhances Jim's characteristics. Jim acts as a fatherly character to Huck throughout the novel. They begin as unlikely allies running away from a condemning and cruel world and end as two men in it together. Jim opens up and is willing to form a relationship with Huck after they've spent time together on the road. The fatherly role that Jim takes on explains why he hid Pap's death from Huck. ALSO, Jim didn't tell Huck because he wanted Huck to stay with him. Jim knew that if Huck knew he was safe from his problems then he might leave or turn Jim in as if he didn't need him anymore. Jim cares deeply about Huck and likes having him around as a friend and an ally. Pap on the other hand only liked Huck for his money, and because he wanted to prove that he could take care of his son because his son belonged to him. Jim never keeps anything from Huck, apart from Pap's death, and is always willing to take the extra watch to let Huck sleep, or sleep outside so Huck doesn't get rained on. Jim shows true compassion towards Huck, something that no other adult has ever shown. Jim doesn't care about the money Huck has or the religion he follows, Jim cares about Huck.
3. Tone: As soon as Tom comes back to the story, the tone changes from hopeful to disappointed as well as serious. Tom represents everything that Huck has left behind, including his old personality and habits. Tom's motives for rescuing Jim are obviously different than Hucks. Tom makes freeing Jim into some kind of a game and Huck goes along with it. The tone after Tom's first appearance is more playful and carefree, not as serious or nervous as it should be.
4. Theme: There are two different motivations when Huck and Tom free Jim: to free him rightfully, and to have a bit of fun and get into trouble. Two people are doing what is now considered morally right, but only one of them has truly good intentions in doing this feat. In chapter 40, Huck realizes that Jim is "white inside" and truly cares for other people like whites do even though he isn't white. Jim believes that Tom would do the same for him, therefore he is staying. Theme: people are people, no matter the color of their skin; people can overcome the largest hurdles in times of dire need and friendship. Huck finally realizes what he believes when it comes to race. When it is revealed that Tom knew about Miss. Watson and the will, moral ambiguity is reinforced because so many people in the book were faced with being able to turn Jim in or sell him or not help him, many of these people questioned their decisions to help him but in the end all of them decided one thing: Jim was meant to be free. Everyone felt some sort of guilt towards submitting Jim back to slavery.
5. Symbolism: The Mississippi River is a large symbol of freedom for both Huck and Jim. The river is what will take them to a better place away from their problems. It is literally an escape for them, from their old life and from the normal lives of people in their positions. The towns hold people with extremist southern attitudes which are meant to be generalized to all towns during this time. The towns are full of hypocrisy which causes Huck to mature and realise the difference between good and evil. This journey has taught Huck that he prefers to be out on the river by himself rather than with a bunch of lying adults. Huck's last remark is, "Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before." Huck has learned a lot about the different types of people on his journey: the conmen, the killers, the thiefs... he doesn't want to be around that anymore. Civilization to Huck isn't civil. Twain wants to make a point though this that although people are inherently good, they are also inherently bad. This time in our history was dark, not many people acted in a way that was respectable. Twain wants to further his idea that these people around Huck didn't know what was best for him, and that he had changed much since the beginning of the book. Twain ends the novel in a confusing way to parallel the confusion that questions of morality and race leave with people.